This graphic shows observations and interpretations of cloud structures and atmospheric circulation on Jupiter from the Juno spacecraft, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the Gemini Observatory. By combining the Juno, Hubble, and Gemini data, researchers are able to see that lightning flashes are clustered in turbulent regions where there are deep water clouds and where moist air is rising to form tall convective towers similar to cumulonimbus clouds (thunderheads) on Earth.
Upper left: This natural-color (visible light) image of the full disk of Jupiter was captured by Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3 on May 19, 2017. The highlighted region in the northern hemisphere is shown in the two details to the right.
Upper right: The Hubble Space Telescope detail shows cloud heights in Jupiter's atmosphere. High-altitude clouds reflect multiple wavelengths of visible and near-infrared light and appear lighter-colored in the image. Deeper clouds reflect less light and appear darker. Lightning flashes based on radio wave detections by Juno's Microwave Radiometer are shown in teal.
Middle right: This Gemini image of the same region, captured on May 21, 2017, shows thermal infrared light (4.7 µm) emitted from Jupiter. Brighter areas correspond to reduced cloud thickness, where more thermal emission from warm, deep atmospheric layers is able to escape to space.
Bottom: This illustration of lightning, convective towers, deep water clouds, and clearings in Jupiter's atmosphere is based on data from Juno, Hubble, and Gemini, and corresponds to the transect (angled white line) indicated on the Hubble and Gemini map details. The combination of observations can be used to map the cloud structure in three dimensions and infer details of atmospheric circulation. Thick, towering clouds form where moist air is rising (upwelling and active convection). Clearings form where drier air sinks (downwelling). The clouds shown rise five times higher than similar convective towers in the relatively shallow atmosphere of Earth. The region illustrated covers a horizontal span one-third greater than that of the continental United States.
Credits
NASA, ESA, M.H. Wong (UC Berkeley), A. James and M.W. Carruthers (STScI), and S. Brown (JPL)| About The Object | |
|---|---|
| Object Name | Jupiter |
| Object Description | Planet |
| Distance | At the time of observation on May 19, 2017, Jupiter was 4.69 AU (436 million miles or 701 million kilometers) from Earth. The semi-major axis of Jupiter's orbit about the Sun is 5.2 astronomical units (483 million miles or 778 million km). |
| About The Data | |
| Data Description | The full image of Jupiter was created from Hubble data from proposal M. Wong. HST and Gemini detail panels are cylindrical map projections, from 30°N to 60°N planetographic latitude, and from 180° to 100° W System III longitude. HST cloud height map: May 19, 2017 with WFC3 631nm, 727 nm, 889 nm Juno lightning detections: Microwave Radiometer, 600 MHz Gemini Image: May 21, 2017 4.7 µm Teal symbols in the upper right detail mark the boresight locations at the time that Juno's MWR recorded lightning sferics. This area is where the largest cluster of lightning sferics was reported from Juno's first 8 orbits, as reported by Brown et al. (2018) in Nature. |
| About The Object | |
|---|---|
| Object Name | A name or catalog number that astronomers use to identify an astronomical object. |
| Object Description | The type of astronomical object. |
| R.A. Position | Right ascension – analogous to longitude – is one component of an object's position. |
| Dec. Position | Declination – analogous to latitude – is one component of an object's position. |
| Constellation | One of 88 recognized regions of the celestial sphere in which the object appears. |
| Distance | The physical distance from Earth to the astronomical object. Distances within our solar system are usually measured in Astronomical Units (AU). Distances between stars are usually measured in light-years. Interstellar distances can also be measured in parsecs. |
| Dimensions | The physical size of the object or the apparent angle it subtends on the sky. |
| About The Data | |
| Data Description |
|
| Instrument | The science instrument used to produce the data. |
| Exposure Dates | The date(s) that the telescope made its observations and the total exposure time. |
| Filters | The camera filters that were used in the science observations. |
| About The Image | |
| Image Credit | The primary individuals and institutions responsible for the content. |
| Publication Date | The date and time the release content became public. |
| Color Info | A brief description of the methods used to convert telescope data into the color image being presented. |
| Orientation | The rotation of the image on the sky with respect to the north pole of the celestial sphere. |
